Thanks to everyone who replied to me individually! The consensus seems to be, as I had listed, the Walgreens at Bay/Columbus and the 7-11 at Mason/Jefferson.
In addition, there's the Trader Joes at Mason/Bay, but the nearest Safeway is at Sydney Walton Square (all the way down on Jackson @ Davis), since the one on North Point is closed.
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Is there any drugstore or other store to buy toiletries and over-the-counter meds anywhere near Fisherman's Wharf anymore? I'm thinking the Walgreens at Bay & Columbus, and the 7-11 on Mason south of Jefferson are the only choices.